r  a  c  i  s  m    d  e  f  i  n  e  d

​
​
​The definition of racism offered here is grounded in Critical Race Theory, a movement started in the 1970s by activists and scholars committed to the study and transformation of traditional relationships of race to racism and power. CRT was initially grounded in the law and has since expanded to other fields. CRT also has an activist dimension because it not only tries to understand our situation but to change it. The basic beliefs of CRT are: 

1. Racism is ordinary, the "normal" way that society does business, the "common, everyday" experience of most BIPOC communities and people in this country.
2. Racism serves the interests of both white people in power (the elites) materially and working class white people psychically, and therefore neither group has much incentive to fight it.
3. Race and races are social and political constructs, categories that society invents and manipulates when convenient. In reality our differences as human beings are dwarfed by what we have in common and have little or nothing to do with personality, intelligence, and morality.
4. Society chooses to ignore this and assigns characteristics to whole groups of people in order to advance the idea of race and the superiority of whiteness. 
5. The power elite racializes different groups at different times to achieve their economic agenda, continually and repeatedly prioritizing profit over people.

​RACISM  DEFINED

PREJUDICE

An attitude based on limited information, often on stereotypes. Prejudice is usually, but not always, negative. Positive and negative prejudices alike, especially when directed toward oppressed people, are damaging because they deny the individuality of the person. In some cases, the prejudices of oppressed people (“you can’t trust the police”) are necessary for survival. No one is free of prejudice.

Examples: Women are emotional. Asians are good at math.
 
ADVANTAGE

• a leg up, a gain, a benefit 

OPPRESSION
The systematic subjugation of one social group by a more powerful social group for the social, economic, and political benefit of the more powerful social group. Rita Hardiman and Bailey Jackson state that oppression exists when the following 4 conditions are found:

• the oppressor group has the power to define reality for themselves and others,
• the target groups take in and internalize the negative messages about them and end up cooperating with the oppressors (thinking and acting like them),
• genocide, harassment, and discrimination are systematic and institutionalized, so that individuals are not necessary to keep it going, and,
• members of both the oppressor and target groups are socialized to play their roles as normal and correct.

 
Oppression = Power + Prejudice

---

 SOCIAL and INSTITUTIONAL POWER

• access to resources
• the ability to influence others
• access to decision-makers to get what you want done
• the ability to define reality for yourself and others

 
SYSTEM

• an interlocking set of parts that together make a whole
• an established way of doing something, such that things get done that way regularly and are assumed to be the ‘normal’ way things get done
• runs by itself; does not require planning or initiative by a person or group

WHITE SUPREMACY

​The idea (ideology) that white people and the ideas, thoughts, beliefs, and actions of white people are superior to BIPOC communities and people and their ideas, thoughts, beliefs, and actions. While most people associate white supremacy with extremist groups like the Ku Klux Klan and the neo-Nazis, white supremacy is ever present in our institutional and cultural assumptions that assign value, morality, goodness, and humanity to the white group while casting Black, Indigenous, and People of Color as worthless (worth less), immoral, bad, and inhuman and "undeserving." Drawing from critical race theory, the term "white supremacy" also refers to a political or socio-economic system where white people enjoy structural advantage and rights that other racial and ethnic groups do not, both at a collective and an individual level. For more, go to the white supremacy culture page.
 
RACE

• Race is a social and political concept, not a scientific one.
• Even though this is true, race is a powerful political, social, and economic force. Race was and is constructed for social and political purposes, in large part to divide and conquer poor and working white people from poor and working People and Communities of Color..
• The colonial power elite created the term "white" to unite European immigrant groups coming to the U.S. who were at odds with each other based on nationality (where they came from) while at the same time a numerical minority in comparison to the numbers of enslaved Africans and Indigenous peoples.
• In order to justify the idea of a white race, every institution in this country was and is used to prove that race exists and to promote the idea that the white race is at the top of the racial hierarchy and all other races are below, with the Black race on the bottom. All institutions were and are used to promote this idea of white supremacy.
• All European immigrants did not and do not become white at the same time (Irish, Italians, Jews). Becoming white involves giving up parts of your original culture in order to get the advantages and privileges of belonging to the white group.
• This process continues today.

 

​RACISM

• Racism = race prejudice + social and institutional power
• Racism = a system of advantage based on race
• Racism = a system of oppression based on race
• Racism = a white supremacy system

 
Racism is different from racial prejudice, hatred, or discrimination. Racism is when the power elite of one group, the white group, has the power to carry out systematic discrimination through the institutional policies and practices of the society while shaping the cultural beliefs and values that support those racist policies and practices. 
 

When white Americans frankly peel back the layers of our commingled pasts, we are all marked by it. We … are marred either by our connections to the specific crimes and injuries of our fathers and their fathers. Or we are tainted by the failures of our fathers to fulfill our national credos when their courage was most needed.
We are formed in molds twisted by the gifts we received at the expense of others. It is not our “fault.” But it is undeniably our inheritance.
- Douglas A. Blackmon

For more about the social and political construction of race, visit Race: The Power of An Illusion.

---

HOW OPPRESSION OPERATES

​CYCLE  OF OPPRESSION

Find out what people will submit to, and you have found the exact amount of injustice and wrong which will be imposed upon them ...
-Frederick Douglass

In order for oppression (racism in this case) to flourish, we must:
 
forget / pretend –  the oppressed must "forget" (or refuse to see) what has happened to them historically and what is happening to them in their day to day lives in order to get through their day; the dominant group must never identify as benefiting from white privilege; those in the dominant group must "forget" (or refuse to see) how their membership in the white group informs their lives; those in the dominant group must pretend that everything is OK now, that any problem was in the past
 
lie – the oppressed must stop speaking the truth about their experience, both to themselves (to survive internally) and to others (to survive in the world); the dominant group must lie to themselves and each other about their role in oppression, positioning themselves as blameless, passive (I didn’t cause it), individual and not part of a bigger system, while ignoring the internal racist conditioning and tapes (I am not racist, I’m a good white person)
 
stop feeling – the oppressed must cut themselves off from their feelings, become numb in order to survive, or feel that it is personal (I am bad or at fault); the dominant group must also cut themselves off from their feelings, insist on being ‘rational and ‘logical’ and never stop to feel the cost of how their participation in oppression dehumanizes both those they are oppressing and themselves; the dominant group must avoid feeling, because to feel will inevitable lead to unbearable guilt or shame
 
lose voice – the oppressed must internalize the oppression, feel bad about themselves and their situation so that they are no longer able to speak to it or about it, distrust their voice and the truth they have to speak; when the oppressed do speak out, they are labeled as ‘aggressive,’ ‘overly sensitive,’ ‘angry,’ and discounted; the dominant group becomes afraid to speak out because of the social pressure against speaking the truth, the threat of losing family and friends, and the cost of separating themselves from the white group
 
make power invisible – the oppressed must begin to identify more with the dominant group than with their own group and as a result lose a sense of their collective power; the dominant group must assume their right to power along with the myth that power is individual and everyone who works hard can have the same power they do; or the dominant group must act as if they don’t have power as white people and deny the power that they get just by belonging to the white group

​
 

---

 three  expressions  of  racism

CULTURAL . The ways in which the dominant culture is founded upon and then defines and shapes norms, values, beliefs and standards to advantage white people and oppress BIPOC communities and people. The ways in which the dominant culture defines reality to advantage white people and oppress BIPOC communities and people. The norms, values, or standards assumed by the dominant society that perpetuate racism. Examples: thin, blond, white women as the basis for our society's standard of beauty; women on welfare assumed to be Black or Brown and portrayed as irresponsible while white collar fraud in the business community is costing the US hundreds of billions of dollars a year; requiring people to speak English historically (Indigenous peoples) and today (people from Central and South America) as a way of deliberately destroying community and culture.
 
INSTITUTIONAL . The ways in which the structures, systems, policies, and procedures of institutions in the U.S. are founded upon and then promote, reproduce, and perpetuate advantages for white people and the oppression of BIPOC communities and people. The ways in which institutions legislate and structure reality to advantage white people and oppress BIPOC communities and people. The ways in which institutions -- Housing, Government, Education, Media, Business, Health Care, Criminal Justice, Employment, Labor, Politics, Church – perpetuate racism. Examples: BIPOC communities and people under-represented and misrepresented on television, racially biased standardized tests used to determine who will be admitted to higher education programs and institutions, historic and ongoing breaking of treaties with indigenous Native American communities, reliance on low-paying undocumented immigrant labor by farms and factories.  

PERSONAL . The ways in which we perpetuate and/or assume the idea that white people are inherently better and/or BIPOC communities and people are inherently inferior on an individual basis. The ways in which white people act out of racist implicit bias. Examples: calling someone a racist name, making a racist assumption.

​systemic  or  
​structural  racism

Take a look at these videos and charts for a deeper understanding of systemic or structural racism, which is how the racist and discriminatory practices of institutions intersect to create a network of opportunity for people in the white group while blocking opportunity and access for BIPOC communities and people.

For more videos on systemic racism by the Center for Racial Justice Innovation, click here.

​

​Another related framework is 
The Four I's of Oppression.

---

The Milken Institute School of Public Health at George Washington University offers their insight into this graphic.

​Paul Kuttner offers some insight into the much used graphic that attempts to illustrate the difference between equality and equity. Take a look here.

---

This chart of the lifetime likelihood of imprisonment of U.S. residents born in 2001, produced by The Sentencing Project, illustrates the structural racism embedded in the prison system. For additional charts that illustrate the pervasiveness of structural racism, click here and here.

This animation commissioned by the African American Policy Forum offers a metaphor for the obstacles of structural racism. 

Read here about Bob Herbert's documentary Against All Odds: The Fight for a Black Middle Class which presents a clear case study of structural racism in the U.S. 

​Read here about 7 Ways We Know Systemic Racism is Real.

10 Ways to Practice Institutional Racism at Your Non-Profit Organization. By Korbett Mosesly.